Monday, September 30, 2019

Collectivism, New Right Essay

Collectivism focuses on the government’s responsibility of providing health and social care services to society which is funded by taxation and National Insurance. This approach is an example of a political response to meeting the needs of identified welfare. In all societies there are groups which are more vulnerable than others such as children, the elderly and people with mental or physical impairments. In some society’s, their care will be seen as the responsibility of the individual or their families whereas in others it will be seen as the responsibility of larger groups such as the local community or religious groups. Since the Poor Law was passed in 1601, the state has been responsible for the care of the vulnerable but there was still no significant change until the 19th century; the birth of the Welfare State occurred after the Second World War. In 1942 the Beveridge Report provided the foundation for the creation of a wide range of welfare services. Lord Beveridge’s Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services identified five giant evils which are holding back society: Want (poverty), Squalor (poor housing), Idleness (unemployment), Ignorance (inadequate education) and Disease (ill health). He felt these needed to be addressed urgently by the state. The New Right approach considers the responsibility of the vulnerable to be placed upon the individuals and their families and that the state should only play a minimal role in their care. This idea was not fully challenged until the election of Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government in 1979 as they believed that the state should play as smaller role as possible in welfare provision as it was mainly the responsibility of the individual and their family. The New Right saw state support to be creating a highly dependent society in which independence was dwindling. Mrs Thatcher saw welfare as producing a society which was reliant on benefits rather than a society which was able to take responsibilities for its own needs and plan ahead for the future.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

The Historic Rise of Christian Fundamentalism in the United States in the Late Nineteenth Century.

Fundamentalism is a religious response to modernity. Although the term is frequently used in a popular context to mean any religious position perceived to be traditional, archaic or scripture-bound, it has a specific meaning from an historical perspective, and a genealogy which has seen the term change from the self-referential description of a particular religious group, to a term which may have lost its impact through misplaced, and indiscriminate, application.Originally used by a specific group of American Protestants, who shared a similar world-view and theology, Fundamentalism grew from individuals within disparate denominations finding common cause to an organized movement with the power to challenge modernity at the level of the courtroom and the popular press. This essay will consider just how we can account for Fundamentalism’s emergence in the US by first considering its historical roots within the Great Awakening, and up to the 1920’s with the Scopes â€Å"M onkey† trial.Secondly it will consider the theological innovations that underpinned Fundamentalism by exploring both Dispensationalism and Premillenarianism, before finally placing Fundamentalism within its sociological background by looking at broader cultural movements in American society, and considering how changes in both the scientific and intellectual spheres challenged the traditional place of evangelical Protestantism. Christian fundamentalism has been succinctly defined by George Marsden as â€Å"militantly anti-modernist Protestant evangelicalism. In the latter part of the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th they developed specific beliefs and operating principles that set them apart from what was, in their view, dangerously liberal evangelical Protestantism. In a post-Darwinian world the Protestant worldview, particularly in the US, came under a number of specific threats from advances in science and contemporary intellectual developments. Unlike t he liberals, who sought compromise with these developments, it was the Fundamentalists â€Å"chief duty to combat uncompromisingly ‘modernist’ theology and certain secularizing cultural trends. † This militant tendency would eventually lead them to challenge modernity in the courtroom, and through utilizing the political system to achieve their ends. Although Fundamentalists were anti-modernity, they were not anti-modern in their readiness to embrace new forms of communication media. Newspapers, publishing, cinema and radio were all exploited as effective methods to publicize their agenda. The very term â€Å"Fundamentalism† was coined in 1920, in the Watchman-Examiner newspaper, by Curtis Lee Laws, who defined fundamentalists as those ready to â€Å"do battle royal for the Fundamentals. Traditional evangelicalism, from which Fundamentalism would grow, had taken shape during the Great Awakening of the 18th century. A series of Christian revivals had broug ht together a number of disparate movements, and blended Calvinist and Methodist theologies along with experiential conversion into a powerful and popular Christian movement. It also preached on the evils of alcohol and other forms of vice, in addition to the need to evangelize to the poor for their moral renewal through a social Gospel that emphasized personal piety and good works. Nineteenth century America started out as an overwhelmingly Protestant country.The specific lineage of the majority group was traced back to northern European ancestry, from the settlers who had travelled across the Atlantic in search of land in which they might practice a truly reformed Christianity. Different colonies along the eastern seaboard had been under the theocratic rule of the different Protestant sects, yet all had a common purpose in implementing God’s will as laid out in the Bible. This would all change with the arrival in the 1820s off the first large scale immigration of Catholics, along with Jews and other religious minorities.Together with homegrown religious movements like the Mormons, these new groups altogether changed the religious landscape of the US, and helped to reconcile the different protestant groups to one another. Evangelicalism emerged as a â€Å"voluntary association of believers founded on the authority of the Bible alone. † The evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin had a profoundly worring effect on the victorian Protestant mindset. They, along with advances in philology, geology and the historical critical method of Biblical scholarship began to undermine the foundations of religious certitude.The Bible had been seen as the very word of God and was therefore the only guide a Christian would need to guide her through the ethical and moral trials of life, safe in the knowledge that God’s will was being followed. The Bible had always been revered as â€Å"the revealed word of God, correct in every detail and in need of no add ition† to the text, and yet it was now under sustained questioning within academia. Towards the end of the 19th century an interdenominational revivalist network, which sought to counter these trends, began to take shape around the era’s greatest evangelist, Dwight L.Moody. A one-time shoe salesman, Moody had a conversion experience to evangelicalism. After a massively popular tour of Ireland and the UK in the mid 19th century he returned to the US as a preacher with the power to attract very large audiences. Moody was of the generation immediately preceding that of the Fundamentalists, but he had nonetheless provided them with a sufficiently well developed network (which included his famous Bible Institute), and a strong charismatic personality about which the emerging movement could coalesce.Moody, who could not countenance â€Å"Liberals in what they were teaching or doing to the Christian Faith†, found common ground with Fundamentalist thinkers and opinion sh apers. Starting in 1910 a series of small booklets appeared called â€Å"The Fundamentals†. Each booklet contained a series of essays by a leading evangelical thinker, plus a number of personal stories that attested to a radicalized evangelicalism.Although Fundamentalism, as we now know it, did not emerge as an absolute ideology from this publication alone, it was emerging as a broad movement within evangelical Protestantism as more of its membership took an increasingly hard line on modernity. As they saw themselves â€Å"losing control of their churches, their families, their working environments, their schools and their nation† certain members withdrew into a specific eschatological belief system and a principle of separatism from liberal protestant thinkers.Organized around a system of Bible â€Å"conventions† that were held in the birthplace of Fundamentalism, New England, leading evangelistic preachers and scholars contemplated their â€Å"opposition to m odernist theology and to some of the relativistic cultural changes that modernism embraced. † Relativism, especially where the revealed word of God was concerned, was a hated innovation. Fundamentalists refused to acknowledge the relative merit of each religion, or each Christian denomination; either their beliefs were right and were worth defending, or they were wrong.They would defend an absolute truth, but not a relative one. The second decade of the 20th century saw the Fundamentalists win two important battles, but gain public opprobrium as a direct result. The first, the Scopes â€Å"Monkey† trial of 1925, was a victory that saw the courts uphold the teaching of the Genesis account of human origins over the empirical Darwinian view. The case became a cause celebre throughout the US, and opened up the Fundamentalist position to widespread ridicule through a largely hostile press. The second front in which they had a pyric victory was over prohibition.The ban on alc ohol consumption was in place from 1919-1933, during which time illegal alcohol distillation and sales fueled the rise of mafia organizations, and encouraged political and police corruption. Public morality did not increase as a result of banning alcohol, and the public resented the intrusion of religious ideology into public life. Afterwards Fundamentalists largely withdrew from public life to nurse their wounds and regroup, rather than retreat. Fundamentalism arose as a â€Å"historically new religious movement with distinctive beliefs† from its base in evangelical Protestantism.These beliefs, which they would go to great lengths to promote and defend, centered on their own conception of themselves as a special people in God’s eyes with a Biblically mandated mission to prepare the way for the return of Christ. The two most characteristic beliefs, which defined the Protestant Christian Fundamentalist, were dispensationalism and premillenarianism. Fundamentalists drew their theology from a literal reading of Christian scripture, with a special emphasis being placed on the eschatological books of Revelation and Daniel, from which they were able to discern God’s plan for mankind’s future.A literal interpretation of Holy Scripture demands the believer is able to trust the text as a revealed source of God’s will. Fundamentalists believed the Bible to be the actual word of God, as revealed to the authors of the various books it contains. The message it contains must be divinely ordered; free from the errors human agency is so prone to. Inerrancy in the Bible, specifically the King James version, was the central pillar Fundamentalist theologians developed their understanding of God’s will upon.They believed the Bible free from all mistakes, errors and faults; that it was in an unchanged condition since the earliest days of Christianity’s founding fathers. It could therefore be absolutely relied upon by the individual for her understanding of the words and deeds of Christ, his followers and his message of salvation. It was the â€Å"infallible word of God and hence anything which challenged it†¦was not just wrong but sinful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  especially for the evangelical who took a liberal position, and risked personal damnation by doing so.Another central tenant, that of â€Å"dispensationalism†, became a hallmark belief for Fundamentalists. It is a scheme for â€Å"interpreting all of history on the basis of the Bible, following the principle of ‘literal where possible. ’† They believed that history was divided up into seven distinct eras, or dispensations. Each of these eras was marked by a catastrophe for mankind, so the first dispensation was recorded in Genesis as the period of Eden, which culminated in the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the earthly paradise with the stain of original sin.Others dispensations ended with Noah and the flood, or the Tower of Babel and mutually incomprehensible languages etc. The present age was known as the â€Å"age of the Church† and would culminate in the apocalypse as foretold by the revelation of John in the New Testament. This would be followed by the return of Christ to earth and the final of the seven dispensations; that of the reign of God on earth. The revelation of John, as interpreted by the Fundamentalists, speaks of a period of time numbering one thousand years in which Christ will reign before judgment on humanity.Theological debate within evangelical Christianity takes two approaches to just when the millennium will take place – one side, the moderate evangelicals, believes there will be a millennium followed by judgement and the other side, that of the Fundamentalists, believes that Christ will return first, judge human kind and institute the period of heaven on earth. This belief, of Christ’s return followed by the millennium, is known as premillenarianism and became fo r Christians with fundamentalist leanings the focal point for both their heological positioning, and for informing both their political and social policies. Moderate evangelical millenarians believed that helping those worse off in this world, the poor and the destitute, would bring about Christ’s return through instigating a period of prosperity first, hence they involved themselves in the social Gospel through good works and charity. Premillenarians, on the other hand, waited on the return of Christ first and therefore did not believe that charitable work would save souls from the coming judgment.Theological development within fundamentalism was therefore a response to greater sociological conditions prevalent in the US in the early decades of the 20th century. Post-war America was a radically different country than it had been just two generations before. Sociological conditions had altered in ways that elicited a response from some Protestants that were analogous to the e xperience of ethno-cultural groups newly arrived in the US; Protestants had, in Marsden’s analogy, â€Å"experienced the transition from the old world of the nineteenth century to the new world of the twentieth wholly involuntarily. Fundamentalists had experienced a traumatic cultural shock as the result of changes to American society that had been rapid, far-ranging and decisive. Structural changes within the family, the work place and the political order had dislodged the Protestant world-view in the US from a position of being, in their view, normative to a relative position in the panoply of religious identities in the modern American experience. Traditional Protestantism was â€Å"no longer a matter of necessity; it was a choice and a leisure activity. This fragmentation of Protestant identity was a mirror of broader changes that had taken place within society. Social institutions had undergone a shift, within modernity, that fed into the Fundamentalist idea of change as anathema to stability and as undermining a true understanding of Christianity, and its role as the only sure path to personal salvation. The family unit had been, within living memory for many of Fundamentalism’s early adherents, a stable basis upon which to build the religious life.As an agrarian unit, the family had encouraged hierarchy with the father on top of a structure that spent most of its time together. This was necessary for the time consuming, and expensive, business of agricultural production. Family life, which included work, education, prayer and social instruction, had once guaranteed the propagation of the next generation of family, worker and religious adherent. Modernity brought new social roles, and new forms of social mobilization, through factory production and office work.Men, and to a lesser degree women, now traveled to a place of employment outside of the family home. The area of the US that had seen the greatest amount of industrialization, the N ortheast, was also the area that gave birth to Fundamentalism. As new opportunities to better oneself socially and financially arose so did new forms of egalitarianism. The needs of a developing industrial society called for the individualization of people through empowering them to make personal decisions about where they would live, marry and pray.Within the cities many people began to explore new forms of spiritual expression, with substantial numbers of people returning to traditional branches of a Protestantism which was now exploring new theologies, such as premillenarianism, in response to anomic uncertainty. Fundamentalism attracted growing numbers of people in urban, rather than rural, settings through marginalization and alienation. â€Å"The growth of fundamentalist churches†¦was largely through conversion† of individuals within the city seeking the assurances offered by the theological assertions of the most radical Protestant sects.The position of the Bible as the inerrant word of God had come under considerable pressure from science through the application of historical critical methodologies, as well as other from other disciplines that were investigating the Bible from new intellectual perspectives, and so had conceded it’s role of containing an ultimate truth. While nominally this would affect all Christianity’s, including Roman Catholicism, the Protestant principle of Sola Scriptura, the individual ability to interpret the word of God without an intermediary, left them particularly venerable to the accelerated pace of scientific progress.While many liberal Protestant theologians were willing to concede to â€Å"lower criticism†, or the critique of the human authorship of the Bible, Fundamentalists could not equivocate when a literal interpretation informed their very world-view, and their relationship to society and culture. It was not any particular movement in science, be it â€Å"hard† empiricism of Darwin or the â€Å"soft† theorizing of the Humanities, that ultimately upset the Fundamentalists as much as the aggregate of suspicion that now hung over the entire Christian project.Religion was â€Å"challenged less by specific scientific discoveries than by the underlying logic of science (indeed, rationality)† which had come full circle with the technological ability that had allowed America to enter into a world war as a super power. The social power to drive the new century was drawn from scientific rationalism, and not, as it had been in the past, from reliance upon the sacred. Fundamentalism was at war with modernity, and wished to reassert the old certainties in an age that had embraced their decline in favor of immediate temporal ability.Protestant Fundamentalism arose as a response to modernity during the late 19th and early 20th century. Faced with a number of challenges on different fronts it developed a theological foundation that marked it off as a dist inct religious phenomenon. Born of the schisms inherent in Protestantism since the reformation, it attracted adherents through a militant defense of traditional religious values that were increasingly undermined as progress in science questioned the Biblical narrative.Dispensationalism, and premillenarianism, in addition to a principle off separatism from liberal Protestant evangelicals, combined to give this new group a powerful voice in American religious life. At their height the fundamentalists were able to successfully challenge the American establishment through a highly publicized court trial that pitted modernity’s champions against religion’s staunchest defenders. At the same time their political influence was such that their dream of public moral regeneration through the wholesale ban on alcohol consumption demonstrated their ability to mount effective campaigns, and win.These victories turned out to be Fundamentalism’s undoing, at least where the gene ral public was concerned, as the publicity generated by the Fundamentalists engendered public ridicule and resentment towards this new group. American society had changed radically from the victorian religious society, based on the principles that had once been clearly understood through a thorough individual grounding in the Bible, to a society that was increasingly materialistic, secular and diverse. As the Fundamentalists withdrew to regroup, and quietly build their power base through their own separate nstitutions, they would later reemerge to continue their challenge to modernity within American society. Bibliography Bruce, S. , Fundamentalism (2nd Ed. ), UK: Polity Press, 2008 Bruce, S. , â€Å"The Moral Majority: the Politics of Fundamentalism in Secular Society† in Studies in Religious Fundamentalism (ed. Lionel Caplan), London: Macmillan Press, 1987 Carpenter, J. A. , Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 Hudson, W. S. , Religion in America (3rd Ed. )), New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1981 Lawrence, B. B. Defenders Of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age, USA: University of South Carolina Press, 1989 Marsden G. M. , Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. Lindsay Jones), Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005 Marsden G. M. , Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism 1870-1925, New York: Oxford University Press, 1980 Marty, M. E. , and Appleby, R. S. , Fundamentalisms Observed (The Fundamentalism Project, Vol. 1), Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Carpenter, J.A. , 1997, Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 5 [ 2 ]. Marsden G. M. , 2005, Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. Lindsay Jones), Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, p. 2887 [ 3 ]. Marsden G. M. , 1980, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism 1870-1925, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 159 [ 4 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2887 [ 5 ]. Bruce, S. , 2008, Fundamentalism (2nd Ed. ), UK: Polity Press, p. 12 [ 6 ]. Carpenter, Revive Us Again, p. 6 [ 7 ]. Lawrence, B. B. 1989, Defenders Of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age, USA: University of South Carolina Press, p. 162 [ 8 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 70 [ 9 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2889 [ 10 ]. ibid, p. 2890 [ 11 ]. Carpenter, Revive Us Again, p. 5 [ 12 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 69 [ 13 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2889 [ 14 ]. Lawrence, Defenders of God, p. 166 [ 15 ]. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 204 [ 16 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 20 [ 17 ]. ibid, p. 17 [ 18 ]. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 202 [ 19 ]. Bruce, Fun damentalism, p. 24

Friday, September 27, 2019

The importance of speaking and writing proper English in your field on Essay

The importance of speaking and writing proper English in your field on study - Essay Example The field of study of network administration requires expertise in reading and writing English as a network administrator needs to deal with wide ranges of people, and in this globalized arena, an administrator had to speak with people from diverse areas and countries. English is the most common language. And hence English is very important in this field. Without proper communication a network administrator can not deliver his/her job appropriately. (Hunt, 2002). A network is a system where a chain of computers are linked with each other so as to transfer data electronically. Not only computers and communication devices, a network with the help of advanced architecture, helps to connect varied type of equipments in order to communicate information in the most convenient way. OSI whose full form is ISO Open Systems Interconnection and SNA whose full form is IBM’s Systems Network Architecture, are the popular architectures known. (Shelly and Rosenblatt, 2009; Steve, 2001 ). Ther e are two network types, one is LAN which is called Local Area Networks and another is Wide Area Networks. LAN basically connect two or more computers, printers and file servers within a limited area such as in office area, or in a college or school by means of cable and wires , which enable the computer system to have an access on a common set of files. Users with the help of LAN operating system can communicate with each other and share printers and storage equipments and can also access the centrally located processors. LAN can act as transfer points if two similar architectures are linked by bridges. Data can get converts across systems if LAN with different architectures are linked through gateways.(Shelly and Rosenblatt, 2009; Steve, 2001 ). Wide Area Networks help to link small networks and computers to large networks over a wide geographical area which includes different continent also. The network is connected through fibres, satellites or else a device commonly used called modem. Internet is such a Wide Area Network which connect users world wide through a collection of networks and gateways. (Shelly and Rosenblatt, 2009; Steve, 2001 ). The roles and responsibilities of a network administrator vary from one organization to the other but the common activity is assignment of network address, routine protocols, and routine table configuration. All these require in depth knowledge. The main objective of a network administrator is to maintain a proper computer hardware and network infrastructure within an IT organization. The main duty of a network administrator is to install new softwares in order to upgrade and update the networks timely, installing a standardized operating system and application in order to maintain the disk images for new computer installs, purchasing new hardware in order to meet the standard requirements, keeping a track of the license expiry dates so as to update the softwares in regular intervals. One of the most important respons ibility of a network administrator is to maintain standards for server installation and application. Besides all these, keeping a proper eye on the performance of the network system, keeping a track of security breaches, preventing poor data management practices are some of the roles of a network administrator. Most organizations put some of the responsibilities

Self mediation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self mediation - Case Study Example My friend, hailing from an Asian country believed that her culture was richer in cultural values than the American, and was thus a better place to bring up a child than the dilute American culture. Contrary to her view, I believed that the American culture, since it was not affiliated to any particular ethnic origin was the best culture to a rare a child. The argument became sour, erupting to a huge verbal fight and emotional eruptions. At one point I asked her why she had decided to seek educational refuge from a country she believed did not portray any cultural values. She accused our country for being an economic colonialist of the rest of the world, an issue that worsened the already awful situation. According to Daniel (2001, p.10), self-mediation is a tool used in conflict resolution where the conflicting individuals personally involved in the conflict engage in a dialogue with one another to resolve the conflict. A conversation conflict normally arises when none of the parties wants to loose in the argument, and thus raisin a heated argument that results into a verbal war. The fight leads to raised voices, and aggressive body behaviour as the parties get emotionally agitated. In the incidence with my friend, the fight was so intense that personal differences were raised during the argument. Most of the parties in the confrontation end up walking away from each other, leading to a stalemate situation. My nasty incidence with my friend resulted in her leaving the scene when the argument got to a stalemate, where neither of us was listening to each other. None of us was willing to give up in the argument, believing we were right in our personal arguments. Daniel (2001, p. 79-85) outlines the principles for solving personal arguments, where finding time to talk about the issue brings the disputing parties into a mutual understanding of the causal reasons that led to the argument. Preventing distractions and interruptions while solving the conflict helps the parties understand one another. A cool environment away from external distractors gives the individuals ample opportunity to involve in constructive and more personal discussions. The use of a dialogue checklist in solving the problem allows the conflicting individuals to address the most important issues that culminated into the disagreement. Lastly, striving for a win-win situation by the parties brings the conflict to a successful conclusion, satisfying both parties. Solving our argument was an incidence that gave me an opportunity to exercise not only the principles of self-mediation conflict solving, but also apply the procedure of self-motivation conflict resolution in real life. After precisely three hours of silence, we met to resolve our dispute at a public longue. The serenity of the longue and its natural feeling provided the best environment to hold personal discussions relating to our conflict. The moment was characterized by emotional deliberations, and full of persona l feelings. At first it was hard to accept the root cause of the problem as nobody was genuine enough to accept sparking up the argument. Maturity of the parties, I realized, played a key role in laying our

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Should one be concerned about rising levels of inequality in the Research Paper

Should one be concerned about rising levels of inequality in the global economy - Research Paper Example On contrary, some inequalities are known to promote investments but excessive implication of this global economic inequality results to destructive options. The income inequality can easily obstruct long-term growth and development. It is also famous for increasing the country’s economic growth duration and has a more complicated spell than low government corruption, free trade, foreign investment and any outstanding foreign debt. In a global perspective, the focus on opportunity and income disparities comes as Europe and United States struggle with the increasing economic downfall, which widens the gap between the poor and the rich. This situation has dominated the prime reason on the Americans choice of the presidential election and spurred common European street protests. At the same instance, economic inequality is taking a profound position in developing countries such as India and China. Despite the unscathed escape of global economic recession in these developing nations, a comprehensive study points out that decrease and growth of poverty levels in these nations coincides with inequality rise leading to imperative social tension. The global inequality shrinks in the presence of emerging markets and power shifts. Many nations greatly oppose the widening gap trend hence making the issue of global economic inequality a focal point (Ferreira and Walton 67). Global economic inequality has a tendency to vary in regard to historical periods, societies, economic systems and structures. The term has a direct reference to the cross-sectional distribution of wealth and income at a particular period. There are several numerical indices for economic inequality measurement, but a commonly used one is the Gini coefficient. Many are also the reasons for the emergence of economic inequality within the society. A recent development on the overall income inequality amongst OECD countries has been commonly

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

ASSIGNMENT 5 PLAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 PLAY - Assignment Example Therefore I gather a few of my friends and decided to play cricket. The game is usually played with twenty two players with eleven players on both sides. We however made teams of four and it made it much more exciting. On the second play day I decided to play soccer. Due to the world cup fever small groups in our society regularly play soccer these days. I decided to become part of their training session. We tried a few free kicks and penalties. Answer: As mentioned the first play day was based on cricket. The teams were much smaller and there was no padding. Therefore the players were in a lighter mood altogether. In nature it is a very competitive game but due to a smaller number of players it became much friendlier. It really felt good hitting the ball over the top. There was no motivation to win or defeat our opponents. Most rules were made spontaneously along the way. On the second play date it was a training session and I was a rookie therefore there was no pressure. The other players applauded and laughed at my each short it was all fun. A couple of time the goal let my ball in willingly just to have a good laugh. Answer: To understand anything in life one has to be in their shoes. This is why I think learning to play is an important part of being a parent. Most parents force their children to spend extra time in study or work. I for once have felt the joy of the game and know that no amount of success in life can match the freedom of playing on the field. Answer: The responsibilities in life had a different perspective as I reflect now after my experience. There are no reasons that life can not fun. For example in a game you have to score a goal but you do it without worry or pressure. Similarly I think that one should not try to run away from the responsibilities of life but in fact learn to enjoy them. Answer: The play days really gave me mental freshness and agility. One back home I was eager to move from my couch and get work done. This shows

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

The Office Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Office - Movie Review Example The Office is a documentary on the day-to-day undertakings of the employees the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of a fictitious firm Dunder-Mifflin Paper Company. The show is presented as a humorous look at the different issues and foolishness that happens in the workplace. The branch is run by the single, middle-aged and boastful Regional Director Michael Scott who also serves as the host in the documentary. With his huge passion for business, Scott sees himself as the "office funnyman, a fountain of business wisdom and his employees' cool friend" (About the Office 4). However, his painstaking effort to be liked by his colleagues is in vain as he only appears pathetic and absurd. Other notable main characters are: Pam Beesly, the office receptionist; Jim Halpert, a sales representative; Dwight Schrute, the assistant to the regional manager; and Ryan Howard, a temporary employee. Economically speaking, opportunity cost is defined as "the cost of something in terms of an opportunity forgone or the most valuable forgone alternative" (Opportunity Costs 1). In The Office it is apparent that Jim Halpert foregoes the opportunity of securing better working alternatives when he continued working for Dunder-Mifflin Paper Company. The economic hegemony of the United States is currently being tain... It is estimated that the budget allocated to the war reaches $1 trillion which could have been used to finance economic and social projects such as livelihood, housing, and education. Thus, the opportunity cost of going to war can be stated as the social and economic benefit which could have been derived from the investments in socio-economic projects. 2. Law of Supply and Demand The issue of downsizing has been recurring in the episodes of the TV show. It should be noted that downsizing stems from the fact that the supply of labor in the economy is much higher than the actual demand requiring some adjustments through employee lay-offs. The same issue is faced by employees in the nation. The trade liberalization has eliminated national boundaries facilitating the mobility of job and investments. Business process outsourcing has become a trend channeling jobs to other countries where the cost of labor is lower like China, India, and Philippines thereby lowering the demand for labor in the United States. Recently, the customer service department of large business organizations like Dell, HP, and IBM has been deployed in these countries lowering the demand for US labor. This movement in demand changes the equilibrium by decreasing supply through downsizing. Works Cited "About the Office." NBC Website. 2007. April 18, 2007 "The Office." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2007. April 18, 2007 "Opportunity Costs." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2007. April 18, 2007

Monday, September 23, 2019

The Annuncistion by Francesco Bissolo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Annuncistion by Francesco Bissolo - Essay Example This was a celebrated and popular technique employed mostly by the Venetian School. The employment of this technique is palpable in the painting through the use of color richly especially in the room of Mary. The use of soft tonalism is also present in the painting through the light that illuminates her chamber during the morning depicted in the painting (Zirpolo, 23). The painting is rich in shade, and use of bright colors is evident. This technique is appropriate in the message it was depicting since it creates an atmosphere of life and joy that characterized the actual event in the bible. The artist uses the Venetian style brilliantly to this effect through the incorporation of color and light to show the mystery of religion in art. His technique causes the viewers to reflect on the painting since it looks to have an inner meaning, which the viewer tries to decipher. The use of this technique enabled the painter to put elaborate details on the painting. This is evident in the pain ting through the appearance of Mary’s room, and the landscape on the background. The characters faces exhibit the use of silhouettes with both Mary and the angel’s faces are illuminated by the artist’s use of light. The painting was fabricated during a period where Venice was at its peak as a European trade center. This facilitated for the development of art in the city, and one of the notable contributions was the creation of the Venetian School. During the Renaissance eon in Europe, each School was distinguished using its own peerless style that was studied to excellence by the artists (Bourdua and Dunlop, 37). The Venetian style, evident in the painting, was distinct through its style in the use of color and lighting techniques that made its paintings unique. The School also employed the use of the oil medium to perfection through the mastery of its use. This School was also characterized by the interweaving of the Byzantine styles and Gothic influences. This involved the use of rich color creating a festive feel in the paintings. The development of the painting during this period also saw it assume some Renaissance inclinations, which were bolstered by the permeation of Florentine influences, in that the style had extended towards Padua (Duby and Lobrichon, 57). Religion was a key element in the art during this eon. Most of the issues that the artists painted about were influenced significantly by religion. This is evident where the painters depict an event in the bible. This is because life during the period was heavily inclined to religion, and the church had a foothold on the art in the period. The great painters of the time used the pretext of religion to describe the daily life of the inhabitants of Venice. Nevertheless, the School was affected adversely with the diminishing of the position of the city as a business hub. The church also was key in the ebbing of Venetian art, with the feudalism employed by the church during this pe riod (Dubyand Lobrichon, p68). This decline saw titian, one of the great painters at the time, show sighs of crisis in his work in that there was a presence of psychological conflicts in his work. This was because of the different influences dominant at the time and their conflicting interests. The School of Venice boasts some of the greats in the art world during the Renaissance period. The esteemed list boasts of names like Titian, Michelangelo and many more. This shows the

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Is the Criminal Justice System Bias Essay Example for Free

Is the Criminal Justice System Bias Essay Abstract This paper will ask several questions and hopefully answer most of those questions. Questions like is the criminal justice system bias against the poor and is the criminal justice system bias against minorities. We then explore some of the possible solutions to the problems that could cause biases. We then look at a study done on several communities where relations between police and the public had repaired their relationship. Body It’s easy to understand why people see the criminal justice system as biased. Our of all of our states prisoners forty percent can not even read; and sixty-seven percent did not have full-time employment when they were arrested. So there are more uneducated people in prison then there are educated people. This seems like then that our system of criminal justice is operated on an unequal system against poor or uneducated people. However, one of the problems we run into when we try to compare the wealthy lawbreakers to poor lawbreakers is the wide difference between the amount of wealthy people and poor people we have in our population. â€Å"In 1989, the wealthiest one percent of United States households owned nearly forty percent of the nation’s wealth. The wealthiest twenty percent owned more than eighty percent of the nation’s wealth. That leaves precious little for the rest† (Cole, 2000). This isn’t just true with adults, but with children and teenagers too. The number of poor/under-funded schools in America far outweighs the number of wealthy schools in America. That’s probably the main reason our system appears to be unfair against the poor. The reason that any pole or nation wide research will be bias against the poor or lower class is because there is a much larger poor/lower class population than a wealthy/high class population. Most American’s will probably not want to believe that our criminal justice system is not operated on equality. After  all our nations Supreme Court even has the saying â€Å"Equal Justice Under Law† written above the entranceway. There are several very famous Supreme Court’s decisions that uphold equality for the poor. In Gideon v. Wainwright they made it a law that the state must provide a lawyer to all defendants who have been charged with a serious crime and cannot afford a lawyer. In Miranda v. Arizona the Supreme Court decided that police must provide all suspects with an attorney. These court decisions might be a little misleading since both were decided during the time of Chief Justice Earl Warren, who was strongly liberal and very supportive of economic equality. Since then the principles of equality from both decisions for Gideon v. Wainwright and Miranda v. Arizona have been cheated and twisted so that neither decisions are upheld to the full extent that they were intended (Cole, 2000). That’s enough bashing our court system. There are actually many things that police officers do witch can be biased. For example the Fourth Amendment says that we have a right against unlawful searches and seizures. However, police officers all the time and request their consent to search them or their belongings (without ever having any basis for suspicion) without ever informing them of their right to refuse the search. This isn’t necessarily a bias against the poor but it makes sense to me that an officer would judge somebody on appearance. There is also the means of transportation we have to consider if law enforcement is bias to the poor. Say hypothetically some wealthy person is traveling across the country to a birthday party. How are they going to travel? Most wealthy people would probably travel across country like that by means of flying. While flying, people do not come in contact with that many police officers nor are they in many positions where they would normally break the law. However, say there is a poor person who is traveling the same distance to the same party but does not have the money to fly. The cheapest mode of transportation is definitely by way of buss. While traveling by buss there is definitely a larger chance of contact with the police than when traveling by air. There are also many more opportunities for crime to be committed while traveling on a buss. Again we have the situation where it’s not necessarily that the poor are treated differently but are maybe just in environments where c rime is committed more often, which would explain why it seems that the system is biased against them (Rothwax, 1996) So I feel like we could come to an  agreement now that the criminal justice system is not necessarily biased against the poor at the law enforcement side of the criminal justice system. However, the courtroom side of the criminal justice system seems indirectly biased against the poor, simply because each trial can be different depending on how much money they defense and the prosecution have available to them. Now lets talk about other ways that the criminal justice system could be bias. What about race? Are people treated differently depending on their ethnicity? Most people probably agree that there are some ethnic groups who are treated differently than other ethnic groups in the criminal justice system. Statistically minorities are disproportionately victimized by crime. â€Å"African Americans are victimized at a rate of 150 percent higher than whites† (Cole, 2000). Blacks are typically more involved in almost every kind of crime more so than whites. These crimes can include rape, aggravated assault, and armed robbery. Homicide is actually the number one leading cause of death among young black men. Most crime is interracial and so it could be argued, just as it can with the topic of biases against the poor that the reason for higher crime rates for black is because most poverty stricken areas, or the inner city, have majority black populations. Therefore the criminals would be black, the victims would be black, and all the statistics that came from that area would rate blacks more prone to commit crime than whites. Now lets look at some cases. For instance the videotaped beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles Police Department officers was a huge eye-opener for most of America. It was said of that beating that for many blacks saw that as trea tment they expected from the police. They were not surprised by that beating what so ever. Curtis Tucker, a California Assemblyman, was quoted saying at a subsequent hearing on Los Angeles Police Department practices, â€Å"When black people in Los Angeles see a police car approaching, they don’t know whether justice will be meted out or whether judge, jury, and executioner is pulling up behind them.† There was even this one officer who earned the nickname â€Å"the Mechanic† because he would â€Å"tune people up† which apparently is police slang for beating up people. This â€Å"Mechanic† once testified that the beatings were widespread. When asked the question of weather he beat up people whom he arrested he replied, â€Å"No. We just beat people up in general. If they’re on the street, hanging around drug locations. Just—It was a show of force† (Rothwax,  1996). The officer even admitted that the majority of the beating victims were either black or Hispanic; although he claimed that the attacks were not motivated by racial tension. There have been very disturbing patterns of corruption and brutality in the police force of almost every high-crime area studied. These corrupt acts include stealing from drug dealers, engaging in unlawful searches, seizures, and car stops, even dealing and using drugs. If instances like this is what our police force has come down to then our country is far worse off then I ever realized. I do however believe that this is probably a much smaller percentage than what some statistics would lead us to believe but it is not a problem that I believe can be overlooked. So what can be done? Can something be done? Are we as a country so far gone that we can come back? I believe we can. I believe that we have become to far separate from the community. We have to bridge the gap that has grown between law enforcement/the criminal justice system and the public lower class people. How do we do that? â€Å"The thing we need most is perspective† (Walker, 1980). One thing that could be the answer to our problem is community based policing. In Canada they passed the Police Services Act of 1990 that might be a good refere nce for our current agencies to look back on. What the Police Services Act did was make the Chief of Police responsible for community-oriented policing (Kuck, 2004). â€Å"Community based policing is both a philosophy and an organizational strategy that allows the police and community to work together in new ways to solve problems of crime, disorder and safety. It really only has two elements: changing the methods and practice of the police and taking steps to establish a relationship between the police and the public† (Groenewald, 2004). The Philosophy of community based policing is based off of the idea that the public has a right to give their input on policing. It also relies on the idea that to find a solution for community problems both the police and the public must look past individual crimes and incidents, and instead try to find ways of confronting the more important community problems. What does community based policing look like though? Community based police officers need to be much more than mere crime fighters and must be public servants in many ways. Reforming the police alone, however, is not enough. Community support and assistance are also necessary. Community based policing therefore encompasses strategies to reorient the public who, for  good reasons, have been leery and distrustful of the police. Building partnerships between the police and communities is a major challenge that not many people or organizations have every really attempted. The philosophy of community based policing asks both the police and the public to take a leap of faith and a commitment to change. It would be a long process that would require drastic action to be taken at multiple levels meaning that there would be detailed planning necessary to turn philosophy into reality within the police and among the public. There was a study where Kuotsia Tom Liou from the University of Central Florida and Eugene G. Savage from Florida State University looked at the impact of community policing by looking at three neighborhoods in West Palm Beach, Florida before and after the implementation of a community oriented policing program. Lets take a look at what they found. They had 3 communities with the first consisting of mainly white residents, mainly single-family homes, apartments, and small businesses. The second community was primarily black consisting of a concentrated public housing project, single family homes, apartments, small businesses, several churches, and a public middle school. The last community consisted of whites, Hispanics, blacks, and Haitians. The community was made up of single family homes, apartments, small businesses, and several churches. It was their goal to find out how community policing affects difference types of communities. The results of their study showed that after the community based policing had been going on sixty-eight percent of surveyed citizens felt that crime had decreased. All age groups, race groups, and all three neighborhoods shared the belief that crime had decreased. Even if the crime rates had not gone down in reality it would still really help relations with police officers just that the citizens believe it had. In addition to the feeling like crime had gone down they also asked in their survey how they felt about the relationship after six months of the community policing. Among the respondents to the survey eighty-eight percent felt that the relationship between the police and their communities as getting better. We started this paper with the question of is the criminal justice system bias. We talked about the relationship between law enforcement and the public. We talked about one of the possibilities of how we could rebuild that relationship. We then looked at some research where a relationship was made better by use of community policing.  Hopefully we can use research like this to help make this world a more perfect world. Reference Page: Cole, D. (2000). No equal justice, race and class in the american criminal justice system. New York: New Press, The. Rothwax, H. (1996). Guilty: The collapse of criminal justice. New York: Random House. Walker, S. (1980). Popular justice. New York: Oxford University Press. Kuck, H. (2004). Racial pride and consciousness trilogy: Addressing hate crime and racial discord through community policing. Canadian Journal of Police and Security Services. Dec. 2004: 243. Criminal Justice Collection. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. Groenewald, H. and Peake, G. (2004). Police Reform through Community-Based Policing. New York. Liou, Kuotsai. and Savage, Eugene. (1996). Citizen perception of community policing impact.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Emotion Appeal Essay Example for Free

Emotion Appeal Essay The fallacy of ad hominem is an attack against the person of the one asserting a claim. The assumption made is that, as a consequence of the attack against the person, the claim made by such person is also false. 2. Ad hominem tu quoque This fallacy is possible to occur when a person made two inconsistent statements or a statement inconsistent with a prior action. It is assumed the claim later made is false because of the inconsistency without considering which or whether one of the two statements or actions made is really true. 3. Appeal to consequences of a belief Appeal to consequences of a belief makes the truth or falsity of a claim be based on the consequences that may occur if its truth or falsity is accepted. In this fallacy, if a claim will result to good consequences, it must be true and vice versa. 4. Appeal to authority Appeal to authority exists when a claim is asserted to be true based on the fact that it was made by an authority, who is in fact not an authority on that subject or is not qualified to make such claim. If the person to whom the claim is attributed is actually an authority or an expert, then there is no fallacy. 5. Appeal to emotion Appeal to emotion is the act of stirring one’s emotion to influence a person to accept that a claim is true. 6. Begging the question Begging the question is properly called as reasoning in circles. It involves a premise that contains an assumption that the conclusion is true, thus giving rise to a situation wherein the premise is used to support the truth of the conclusion while the conclusion is used to support the truth of the premise. 7. Confusing cause and effect This fallacy occurs when a person assumes one event to be the cause of another event just because these two events usually occur regularly together, when there may in fact be no justification or proof establishing such causal relation other than the fact that they often occur together. 8. Middle ground The fallacy assumes a position to be true just because it lies in the middle of the two extremes. 9. Red Herring This fallacy is used to direct the attention of the other person away of the main topic of the argument. The argument is diverted from the main issue to another issue which is not relevant, but s introduced under the guise of being relevant to the main issue. 10. Slippery slope This fallacy argues that one event will follow another event without giving a justification why. This usually occurs when the causation is too remote, such as when several other steps, which may not be inevitable, will have to follow before such claimed consequence may arise. 11. Straw man This fallacy occurs when a person attacks a distorted position of another person, as a consequence of which it is assumed that the real or original position is also falsified. 12. Who is to say? In this fallacy, a person asks the question â€Å"who is to say† or other similar questions, but already has a preconceived answer that no one is to say. As a consequence of this, it is accepted that the issue cannot be decided because no one is capable or qualified to decide on it.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Erg Theory Of Motivation Business Essay

The Erg Theory Of Motivation Business Essay Human Resource Management (HRM) means managing people effectively in order to achieve the goals and objectives of any organizations, small or big. More sophistically, HRM involves all management decisions and practices that directly affect or influence the people, or human resources, who work for the organization. Corporations today have increased their attention towards managing human capital effectively. The reason behind this notion is that employees enable an organization to achieve its goals and that managing human capital is critical to an organizations success. According to David A. Decenzo and S.P Robbins Human resources management is a process consisting of the acquisition, development, motivation and maintenance of human resource. According to Barry Cushway Human resources management can be defined as a range of strategies. Processes and activities designed to support corporate objectives by integrating the need of the organization and the individual that comprise it. The goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. I.e. a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of an organizations employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989). HRM activities The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding how to motivate your staff, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. Motivation views Motivation is the acceptance to work hard in order to achieve organisational goal. This is internal state of mind which moves a worker to set himself up for the target. Motivation is a chain of process which helps an individual to identify his intensity, set towards the right direction and make efforts to get his goal. ERG Theory of Motivation Maslows needs theory is very famous but Clayton Alderfer redefined this theory to make it more applicable. This rework is called ERG Theory Of Motivation. Alderfer reshaped Marslows hierarchy of needs into three different and broader sections of need. ERG Theory Existence Relatedness Growth Existence Needs This information includes the basic necessities. Every human has some material needs. Like physical and psychological demands. These needs are attached with every individual since he is born and leaves him when he is dead. In HR these needs play a vital role in a workers life. These needs urge him to get motivated and strive to get success. Relatedness Needs Man is a social animal. He likes to be praised. Ideals are made to follow their footsteps. At work, supervisors and managers became role models. Their subordinate works hard for fame and recognition. It is also very common in co-workers. Growth Needs Like physical growth, everyone wishes to get advanced in his corporate life. In this category, a worker realises his potential and develop his skills and eventually develop himself. Implication of ERG theory Managers must realise that every worker has his own individuality. He has his own personal needs. So at the same time, workers different needs must be satisfied to get him motivated. Introduction of IKEA I choose IKEA Company for investigate and examine HR activities. As it is Scandinavian style. Most of the furniture is from Ikea flat pack Ikea consumers ready to be assembled, internationally known as the home installation approved retailers. This cost of the packaging can be reduced. IKEA has a range of 9,500 products, including furniture and accessories. Performance management IKEA evaluates its employee performance through the human resource system and one of the subsystems. In the appraisal system, customer services and sale people are evaluated in target achievement. The bonus is paid if they achieved agreed target for the job. IKEA set the performance appraisal standards are based on their strategic goals and job analysis job descriptions. Their immediate managers follow up the targets which subordinates have achieved. Based on the target achieved managers measure and indicate the performance compared with the standards and performance of other subordinates. If the target is achieved or exceed relevant person get bonus. Other employees are evaluated by work performance in their job types and contribution towards the department. IKEAs employees are aware about their job objectives and targets. Performance of them is measured by the line mangers and report during the year. End of the year company has performance review. The evaluation is made on a point scale. The results are reflected in remuneration. Superior discusses the evaluation result individually with each employee in order to seek high level of understanding. Motivational problems in IKEA It is believed that human resources function play vital role not only development but also in development and connection of all employees in the organization. The human resources function of IKEA, it is expected, enables its to develop and deliver services that target their most important assets that are the people. It is however noted that human resources makes sure that services respond to what matters most to the employee. In IKEA, the sale of Stockport branch (Cheshire) is currently suffering from fewer sales for last six months. The sales team has hired new staff but still there is no big change in sales. The staffs are not achieving their targets so this branch is suffering not from external but internal issues of staff. The main issues, which are observed in this branch, are following: Training The old staffs were not as trained as the new is. Consequently the experienced people are de motivated as they think that fresh breed is generating more profit. Ultimately they stopped working hard. Career There was no further career development in this branch. Mostly workers relied what they have achieved and were satisfied at their current positions. Therefore there wasnt any progress in job positions and bonuses. Evaluation On the above account, Human resource performance is regularly and meticulously monitored by the organization on yearly basis through employee appraisal. This is useful in that it helps to improve employees job performance by identify strength and weakness and determine how their strength can be put in to best use and how their weaknesses can be overcome. It is also acknowledge that staff appraisal also helps to find out problem. Which may be restricting employee progress and causing inefficient work practice? It is further explained that appraisal provides information for human resources planning to assist success planning and to ensure the suitability of employee or provision for particular types of employment and training. However, contrasting to the number of times staff appraisal is conducted by this organization i.e. once a year, it is suggested that employee appraisal should be a continuous process and that should not be confined to a formal review once a year as it and is done in this organization. It is that employee appraisal as part of human resources monitoring system can help workers get in to a mind-set of both introspective constructive criticism and self-recognition, and that it makes them more willing to receive feedback from appraisal. The following are some point of the good thing advantages about employee appraisal as conducted in IKEA. It provided the chance to reflect on human resources performance during period under review and when applicable point out any contribution the staff has made that the manager may not remember. It also gave the worker and the management a good starting point to objectively discuss their, performance and makes its easier for them to portray development area. Its presented an opportunity for management to help the employee see where they are not begins objectives and help them build the ability to appraisal other as well Motivation strategies and its impact The following are some of the motivation strategies applied by IKEA Company. Recruiting and Selection Employees are important to the success of the company. Therefore the importance of recruitment and selection process is essential for IKEA in order to ensure that employees are appropriately chosen. IKEA promotes equals fair and legal choosing the suitable applicants irrespective of gender, race, colour, nationality and ethnic origin. And follow to equal opportunity rules to all staff. IKEA uses on online application form. They use value-based questionnaire to decide applicants suitability. This helps to show which person is best suit. After initial screening, applicants are invited to an interview and assessment centre for the final selection processes. Applications which send direct to the company will have a review on them and verify the suitability comparing the essential company required. Recruitment team have an initial phone interview with applicants those who fit to the position, ensure applicants skills. Who are successful in the interview are invited to the next stage of interview and direct to the assessment centres. Assessment centres are most effective ways to find out if the person is good fit for the role. This gives the chance for the company to see behaviour of the applicant in realistic work base situation. IKEAs assessment centre consist number of exercises designed to access full range of skills and personal attributes required for the job. Exercises may include: Interviews Group discussions Presentations Role plays Business case studies Written exercises Psychological test Training and development According to Gray and Smeitzer (1989), when a worker joins an organization, it would be useful to train and develop the person in order to maximize his/her human resource potential. They note that due to the ever increasing competition among present day organization, companies need to have more sophisticate employees. IKEA trust providing training to supply the skills, knowledge and disposition required by individuals or groups to do their work more effectively and efficient. In this, organization, training for an employee is continuous throughout his/her working life with the organization. In fact training is used to provide new comers with skills or to raise their existing skills to necessary levels. Career development This is another method of motivation and development put in place by IKEA. The organization aims, among other things, to create work environment where employees can work effectively and efficient, to make the IKEA fit for their purpose. And to do it needs to have not only the right amount of committed workers but also those with the right kind of knowledge and skills. On that account the organization gives opportunities for career development to each staff. IKEA provides such types of service and training to their which make develop their career in that area which they are interest. Rewards For IKEA retained trained and high skilled staff is more cost effective than recruiting new staff. Thus IKEA is planning HR policies to offer a mix of financial and non-financial benefits to retain people. Rewards are the value for employees get return for work have done and gives them a job satisfaction and good working environment. IKEA offer rewards for employees to feel the true value at work. Up to 10% bonus paid for work above what is expected in employees day-to-day role. 21 days holiday Choice of company pension scheme. Increase salary of staff every year by performance. Critical evaluation of their effectiveness to meet organizational objectives To begin with the organization recognized that there will be times when an employees fails to do his or her duties for one or two reasons. Therefore the management put in place a policy called individual performance improvement and capacity policy. This procedure explains the way to be followed for performance management in situation that have something to do with capacity. Motivational performance is indicated by the sufficiency and the capability of staffs. The sufficiency of the working staff is about getting right number of staff for certain task. Capability deals with staffs having the ability, skills and knowledge to carry out the work that is required. Another factor that would help indicate human resource performance is the customer satisfaction. In Storeys opinion (1987), there are major differences in HR business strategy. He discussed these as hard and `soft versions of HRM. Of the hard version of the concept, and therefore workers problems in focus, and the effects of HRM (Human Resource Management), the business judgment based on performance criteria. However, the soft HRM (human resource management) is also a major concern of business performance with parallel interest in the results of the employees on the other side to defend, is probably (Storey cited in Guest, D. 1999). Beside the above, there are other factors which are used to indicate HR performance in IKEA. Among these are the following, cost containment, organization, effectiveness, social responsibility and integrity. Meanwhile, stone R(2005) describe cost containment as focusing on cost reduction through reduce unnecessary expenses, improve productivity, reduce absenteeism, and how labour turnover from own organization. He maintains that organizational effectiveness can be realized by focusing on organizational structure, job design, employee innovation, acceptable to change, employee motivation, and flexible reward system and employee relation. On social responsibility ,he notes that by focusing on legal compliance and improvement in area such healthy and safety in working place, equal opportunities, provide accurate information about product and minority opportunities and development, an organization can live up to their expectation. He further argues that organizations would protect their integrity by focusing on the enhancement of organizations reputation for ethical issues, fair treatment of employee, honesty in communication and honouring of agreements. On their part, Scullion and Linehem (2005) content that an organization HR performance would be indicated not only be putting in place a well formulated corporate strategy geared toward creating and sustaining competition advantage but also making sure that employees possess the potential, capability and motivation to implement organizational strategies efficiently and effectively. Conclusion The success of the operation of the any organization depends upon its effective human resource management. In this assignment, the author is able to investigate the contribution of human resource management to achieve the organizational goals. Human Resource planning and development methods in the organization has been examined and finally the ways of performance of organization Human management has been analysed in order to achieve the organizations goal and objective in given time frame.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Waste Land Essay: All is Not Well :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

All is Not Well in The Waste Land Eliot's "The Waste Land" doesn't make sense. No matter how many symbols and allusions are explained by critics or Eliot himself, no matter how many fertility gods and Eastern philosophies are dragged into it, the poem does not make sense. But then, it doesn't need to in order to be good or to have a purpose. All it needs is to have meaning, and something need not make sense to mean something. The meaning "The Waste Land" holds for me is of something wrong - something so twisted and "rotten," as to be intrinsically wrong. For me, this wrongness winds itself in and out of the passages and images of the poem and doesn't seem to have any hope of being righted until the end - in the last few lines. In every time, in every place in "The Waste Land," something is wrong. The world of the poem is one where April, the season when growing things return after winter, is "the cruellest month, breeding/Lilacs out of the dead land," the "son of man" knows only "a heap of broken images," and there is "fear in a handful of dust." Each symbol and each allusion contains a grotesque element - one that was already there or one incorporated by Eliot. Lines 72-73 are such a nice, normal way to speak about a garden ("'Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year?/'Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed?'"), except that the thing which has been planted is a corpse, and it's in danger of being dug up by a Dog. T'ie different ways of looking at life are all tainted. Someone says, "'I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street/'With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow?/'What shall we ever do'?'" The talkative woman gossips of the problems in another woman's marriage and of her abortion, ending with the last words of Ophelia, spoken in her madness. Tiresias, the blind prophet, foretells the scene of a woman who endures the caresses of her lover, and, glad when they are over and he is gone, forgets about the incident entirely. She merely "puts a record on the gramophone." The descriptions are often shocking and ugly, especially in the midst of a beautiful scene.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

The United States Contribution to the Rise of Pinochet Essay -- Pinoch

The United States Contribution to the Rise of Pinochet The date September 11th is not only a date of terror for the United States, but for the country Chile it also marks the anniversary of a new error of fear. On September 11th, 1973 General Augusto Pinochet overthrew President Salvador Allende, a democratically elected socialist. For seventeen years after this Pinochet dictated over Chile and caused for the murder of over three thousand Chileans, the disappearance of over a thousand, and the torture and jailing of tens of thousands more. What might be even more shocking though, is that the United States had a direct contribution to this brutal dictators rise. The United States’ fear of communist nations developing and the ignorance of secretary of state Kissinger to mention the human rights abuses that Pinochet was responsible for, allowed for the United States to assist in the brutal tyranny (Kornbluh 2003, pages 19-22). The United States dire fight to end communism caused them to severely overlook the evil of Pinochet. In search around the globe for rising communism President Nixon instructed the CIA to cause the downfall of Allende, despite a 1970 CIA report that stated â€Å"‘the US has no vital national interest within Chile,’ and that the world ‘military balance of power would not be significantly altered’ if Allende came to power† (Kornbluh 2003, page 19). Even before Allende became President the fear of having a successful socialist or...

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Managing User Accounts In Linux Essay

Linux’s most notable advantage over other operating systems such as Windows and Mac is security and in order for a user to modify critical components of the system, such as user accounts, is to have access rights of a ROOT. The root is at the top level of Linux’s user hierarchy and has all the privileges to access all resources. To login as root, a user must use the command su username. After pressing the ENTER key, the system will prompt the user to type in the corresponding password. After entering the correct password, the user will inherit full access privileges including the right to modify other user’s account information. Attempting to enter the correct password will deny the user from inheriting the root’s privileges. # su – [screenshot] Let us now attempt to create a new user called ‘bozo’. But first, let us check if that username is not yet taken. # id bozo [screenshot] Since username bozo is still available we can now create his user account. # useradd bozo -d /home/bozo -u 600 We have just created a username called bozo and makes his default folder under /home/bozo and gave him the UID of 600. by the way, UID’s are unique identifiers of users. Users can be a representation of both human users and services running in the Linux system. UID’s are used by Linux in relation to his password and privilege information stored in the /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group. One of the very first thing Linux does when creating a new user is to copy the files from the skeleton folder, which contains whatever files the admin wants to give to new users, into the newly created user’s folder. Now, let us try to take a look at those files by displaying a detailed listing of files including hidden ones. # ls –la /home/skel/ So far so good. Now let us try creating another user and call her bozoette. # useradd bozo -d /home/bozo -u 600 We had an error. As stated earlier, UID’s are unique. Since we attempted to create a user and assigned the same UID with bozo, the system denied our request. But what if we do want give bozoete the UID #600? One of the many ways to do it is to first change bozo’s UID, say 601 and then create bozoette’s user account using the newly-vacant UID of 600. Change bozo’s UID from 600 to 601. # id bozo # usermod -u 601 bozo # id bozo Then create bozoette’s new account with UID 600. # useradd bozoette -d /home/bozoette -u 600 Now we have two new users bozo(uid:601) and bozoette(uid:600) with user directories /home/bozo and /home/bozoette, respectively. Note that user accounts remain inactive until a password is assigned to them. Let us now activate the two new user accounts by assigning passwords to them. # passwd bozo # passwd bozoette Users bozo and bozoette are now active and users can now login to the system using the correct username and password combinations for the accounts. REFERENCES Linux Headquarters. Adduser: Adding A New User. Advanced Horizons. Linux Users. Mario P. Free November 28, 2007. Tutorial @HowTo. fm. Command Line User Management. Notaras, George. 6 November 2005. G-Loaded! User management from the command line

Monday, September 16, 2019

Green Transportation System For Sustainable Campus Environmental Sciences Essay

Green conveyance or sustainable conveyance refers to the any transit which does non affect non-renewable energy and produces less harmful impact to the environment. For case, walking and cycling, green vehicles, auto pooling, theodolite oriented development, human-powered conveyance, renewable energy transit or alternate transit, and other signifiers of protecting conveyance system that are less fuel consume, infinite efficiency, low cost, and advance healthy life style. The term green conveyance came into usage as the society is turning involvement in the constructs of sustainable development that aims to â€Å" run into the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain needs. † ( DESA,1999 ) . It used to depict manners of conveyance, and systems of conveyance planning, which are more focal point on environmental concerns. Besides, there are many definitions of green conveyance, and some related term such as sustainable mobility. One such definition, from the European Union Council of Ministers of Transport, sustainable transit mean: â€Å" Allows the basic entree and development demands of persons, companies and society to be met safely and in a mode consistent with human and ecosystem wellness, and promotes equity within and between consecutive coevalss. Is Low-cost, operates reasonably and expeditiously, offers a pick of conveyance manner, and supports a competitory economic system, every bit good as balanced regional development. Limits emanations and waste within the planet ‘s ability to absorb them, uses renewable resources at or below their rates of coevals, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the rates of development of renewable replacements, while minimising the impact on the usage of land and the coevals of noise. † ( 2001: 8 ) The constructs of green conveyance were developed before the phrase was invented. The first type of conveyance is walking and which besides is the most sustainable. After the innovation of public coach by Blaise Pascal in 1662, the public conveyance day of the months back. ( Alfred, 2008 ) . Continue with the increased wealth during the station war old ages which brought a demand for greater mobility for human and goods. However, public investing in walking and bicycling declined dramatically in the Great Britain, United States, and Australasia although this did non happen to the same extent in mainland Europe or Canada. ( Pucher, J. & A ; Dijkstra, L. ,2003 ) ; ( Transportation Research Board, 2001 ) . When the crisis of oil and energy during 1973 and 1979, focal point on the sustainability of this attack became widespread. The restriction and increasing monetary value of fuels led to a revival of involvement in options to individual tenancy vehicle travel. A survey by the United States Federal Highway Administration ( 2004 ) which release in 2004 concluded that an of import constituent of overall national conveyance scheme need a more proactive attack to transit demand. A sustainable conveyance system exists to supply economic connexion and societal, and people hurry pick up the chances by increased mobility. The increased mobility is good, but we need to weigh its advantages from the facet of societal, economic cost, and environmental that conveyance system poses. Transportation system has high environmental impact, accounting for between 20 % and 25 % of universe energy ingestion and C dioxide emanations. ( World Energy Council, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to the research, the gas emanations from conveyance which contribute to the nursery consequence are increasing at a faster rate comparison to other energy utilizing sector ( U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 2002 ) . Therefore, a proper conveyance planning is needed. A sustainable transit system must supply handiness and mobility to society in environmental friendly manner of conveyance. This is a hard undertaking when the demands and demands of people with different income are frequently conflicting. For illustration, if most people are non attempt to hold their ain vehicle or non attempt to utilize public conveyance, they have to either walk or sit bike to work. Construct another safe substructure for walkers and bicyclers may necessitate the separation of route infinite from motorized traffic or cut down the velocities of vehicles. Both steps could ensue in curtailing mobility of auto users. Similarly, steps to cut down air pollution at the same clip may conflict with those needed for decrease in route accidents. For case, increases the mean velocities of vehicle may cut down the emanations gas but may ensue in increasing the accident rates. Furthermore, most of the authorities policy paperss and public treatments on transit are more concern about the air pollution. Peoples look upon the wellness job owing to pollution are as worthy of public action whereas those due to accidents job as owing to single errors. As a consequence, most of the policy paperss covering with sustainable development ever include options for pollution decrease. In pattern green conveyance is more fuel efficient, but merely in comparing with some standard vehicles. It still will lend to traffic congestion and route clangs. Although there have a batch of conveyance picks with really low environmental impact such as human-powered vehicles and other animate being powered conveyance, but the most common conveyance picks with the least environmental impact are cycling and walking. By taking to walk or bicycle, it help to cut down nursery gas emanations, increased wellness benefits from a more active life style, and a decrease in the happening of respiratory complaints associated with hapless air quality. ( The City of Chicago ‘s Official Tourism site, 2010 )1.2 Problem StatementPresents, progress logistics is a critical nexus in the conveyance system. They have increased the efficiency, cost, and dependability facets of our facets of our bringing system consist of terminal supply concatenation. However, the environmental impact that cause b y the visual aspect of transit toward the high fuel ingestion, noise pollution, gradual alteration from the motion of quiver, and the accident is now at the serious degree of the sustainability issue have been identified to come into â€Å" harmony terdepan † argument globally. Many people believe in the theory of peak oil, which mean that there is a certain point in clip when our oil production will top out, and so fall into sudden diminution. But clocking that extremum is hard at the best. Some experts believe that gasolene and Diesel fuels will still play a major function by twelvemonth 2050 ( World Energy Councils, 2007 ) , but their biofuel part will be important and we are now at the â€Å" Twilight old ages † of fossil fuels production. Other experts we might hold every bit many as hundred old ages before peak oil occurs. Whether we are traveling to run out of oil or non is non the chief issue. As we know, fossil fuel is non renewable and we are traveling to run out in someday. Do we necessitate to travel to more alien energy transition engineering ( fuel cell vehicles? ) , or can bettering fuel belongingss further let us to go on utilizing burning engines to power our vehicles? Besides taking S, should at that place be less aromatic in fuels? Should aromatics be eliminated? What fuel belongingss can still be improved in gasolene and Diesel? Is there a function for oxygenates in gasolene and Diesel? Can we and should we cut down our dependence on rough oil for transit energy? Does intermixing oxygenates in fuels help or impede in accomplishing the environmental ends? To worsen the state of affairs, i know that around 250,000 new conveyance enter Malaysian roads manually, and the public conveyance is nil to shout approximately. This figure had increased the traffic jam job in Malaysia. The traffic jams can impact the socio-economy of the state. Every twenty-four hours, traffic jam cost the state in term of clip, environmental pollution, and wasted energy. Other than that, it causes emphasiss which indirectly increase the unwellnesss of our society.1.3 Research aimThe purposes of this research are to: Explore the sustainable conveyance which is safe, economically feasible, socially acceptable to people, topographic points, goods and services in campus. Study / analysis current transit system of University Malaya. Recommend the usage of cycling / walking as a feasible Green conveyance in University Malaya.1.4 Research QuestionBased on my research survey, I will be able to reply the inquiries as followers: What is green transit system? What are the policies that should be integrate to accomplish sustainability in campus? What is the most suited conveyance for a pupil? Why pupils ne'er consider to walk or bicycle in campus? Who should responsible to the environmental impact of the transit? Who are involved in carry out the green conveyance? Why green transit systems play a important function in campus?1.5 Literature reappraisalIt is progressively apparent that modern life styles in flush societies, and the mobility behaviour associated with such life styles, are non consistent with the protection of environmental quality, the efficient usage of resources, and the publicity of societal coherence and merely distributions of chances and costs of utilizing transport systems. ( Donaghy, Rudinger, Poppelreuter, 2004 ) . There is now wide understanding in the universe that present tendencies in conveyance are non sustainable. Many bookmans have concluded that cardinal alterations in engineering, design, operation, and funding are needed. The construct of sustainability every bit good as the environmental impacts, energy ingestion and equity issues caused by conveyance are discussed. Many metropoliss confronting such common jobs as traffic jam, traffic pollution on environment, and low efficiency of using traffic resources. From Lu, Wang, and Shen ( 2003 ) sentiments, it is a necessary pick and ultimate aim to build the urban sustainable transit system. Hence, the intension and the manner to build the sustainable transit system, the system of policy and steps to recognize the aim are scantly analyzed. But their paper merely bases on this job, discusses the construct of the sustainable development, the sustainable development of conveyance, the impact factors of the sustainable transit system, the manner, policy and steps to recognize the nonsubjective, and so on. Liu ( 2003 ) and Song ( 2006 ) define green conveyance as the key to construct healthy and sustainable conveyance system. Likewise, Batterbury ( 2004 ) reference that a cardinal component of sustainable development in metropoliss is the execution of more effectual, less polluting, and just transit. The nucleus of green conveyance is expansibility of resource, environment and system. We should understand the dealingss among conveyance system development, resource and environment from strategically positions. Harmonizing by Liu ( 2003 ) , green conveyance means non merely internal conveyance system optimisation and exterior harmoniousness, but besides high and sustainable efficiency. As the universe ‘s population additions and its resources remain changeless, there is a demand to turn to the sustainability of transit systems. Linda and Robert ( 2004 ) see the go oning addition in the usage and denseness of cars ( more vehicles with fewer people in them going greater distances over proportionately shorter roads ) in relation to transit sustainability and quality of life. Barbara ( 1999 ) defined a sustainable transit system as one in which fuel ingestion, vehicle emanations, safety, congestion, and societal and economic entree are of such degrees that they can be sustained into the indefinite hereafter without doing great or irreparable injury to future coevalss of people throughout the universe. On the other manus, Litman ( 2007 ) defined that sustainable transit system is one which allows the basic entree demands of persons and societies to be met safely and in a mode consistent with human and ecosystem wellness, and with equity within and between coevalss. Based on Yin and Li ( 2009 ) research, in order to construct a friendly environment and salvage resources, therefore to supply a transit system that is sensible in travel distance, sustainable in average construction, and effectual in services is needed. Ge, Wang, Deng ( 2004 ) , Jiang, Guo ( 2009 ) , and Lu, Gao ( 1999 ) stated that twenty-first century is an environment protection century and environmental issues top all the jobs of metropolis development in the new epoch, so metropolis transit development must lodge to the rule of environment protection, and see developing pollution-free ‘green transit ‘ as its basic policy and end. In their documents, both of them had discussed the of import of green transit and it relationship with sustainable development. A research worker, Song ( 2006 ) found that there are many failing in nowadays traffic scheduling, we should convey up new ideas for traffic planning and concept a harmonious society with the features that take peopleaˆ?s involvements into first consideration, harmonizing to new construct of green conveyance planning. Wang, Jiang, and Lan ( 2000 ) besides agree with Song, they think that the old transit planning attack is no longer suited for sustainable development of transit system nowadays when urban environment is acquiring even worse. Clearly, the demand and chances for extra research, learning and service acquisition on transit system are infinite. They are bounded merely by our creativeness and willingness to take hazards and better our manner of life. The overruling issue is the manner of thought and the demand to alter everyday determinations, degrees of committedness and one ‘s ain behaviour. In my sentiment, those old researches are excessively focus on the execution of green transit system in urban country. They forgot about that college campuses are distinguishable communities, in the words of Creighton ( 1998 ) ‘microcosms of society ‘ , and that they have varied and often-large environmental impacts. Campuss are clearly ‘de-marketing car transposing ‘ ( Wright and Egan, 2000 ) and actively advancing alternate transit manners particularly walking and cycling. Biking or walking is healthy and salvage money. That is the decision of an increasing figure of scientific surveies measuring the impacts of bicycling and walking on degrees of physical activity, fleshiness rates, cardiovascular wellness, and morbidity. ( Anderson, et Al. 2000 ) , ( Bassett, et Al. 2008 ) , ( Bauman, et al 2008 ) , ( BMA, 1992 ) , ( Cavill, et al 2006 ) , ( Dora and Phillips, 2000 ) , ( Gordon-Larsen, et al 2009 ) , ( Hamer and Chida, 2008 ) , ( Hillman,1993 ) , ( Huy, et al 2008 ) , ( Matthews, et al 2007 ) , ( Roberts, et al 1996 ) and ( Shephard, 2008 ) . Biking and walking conveyance behaviours depend on the natural, substructure, socioeconomic, and environment of a topographic point. Harmonizing to Zahran, et Al. ( 2008 ) , statistical relationships study can supply utile information to the conveyance and wellness contrivers which aim to promote green transit behaviour. â€Å" Even though the turning scholarly involvement on biking and walking as feasible transit options, but small empirical research has been conducted on the determiners of non-motorized transit pick. † Zahran, et Al. ( 2008:462 ) . Many of the surveies merely investigate walking and bicycling conveyance behaviours at the vicinity graduated table for limited infinite, and with little sets of forecasters. A study by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies ( 2005 ) reference that more research is needed on the â€Å" consequence of the built environment on physical activity † particularly in campus. By taking to walk or bicycle alternatively of driving, pupils can assist to cut down nursery gas emanations in campus. If campus can get down to advance walking and bicycling as a merriment, healthy, safe and environmentally-conscious manner of acquiring to analyze, the campus sure will hold the possible be a bike-friendly campus. In the last decennary, many campus contrivers have been fighting to supply entree and mobility without destructing campus qualities as distinguishable communities. So, my research is to reflect on how college campuses have encouraged a average displacement from autos to other manners, and in peculiar to biking and walking. Due to their pro-active educational background, I guarantee that campus is the possible topographic point to pass on sustainable and to assist reshape society ‘s transit forms. Harmonizing to Orr ( 1992a ) , colleges and universities non merely must larn to be responsibly in their self-interest but it is besides the right to be responsible. This self-interest had been realized since 1990 sign language of the ‘Talloires Declaration ‘ by the Association of University Leaders for a Sustainable Future. â€Å" The Talloires Declaration spells out cardinal actions that establishments of higher instruction must take to make a more sustainable hereafter. † ( Carlos, 2003 ) Now there was more than 275 university leaders and international experts in over 40 states worldwide have subscribed its sustainable rules. On campus evidences sustainable transit planning can be seen as supplying basic substructures which can promote pupils to bicycle or walk and associating transit planning to set down usage planning. Many campus contrivers ever agree that college ‘s possible to impact the transit behaviour of the campus. Not merely that, in the hereafter pupils besides can develop their transit wonts and environmental consciousness, as â€Å" they will come on to busy influential functions in authorities, companies or other organisations † ( Tolley, 1996 ) However, many research workers largely undertake the research on the usage of environmentally friendly alternate energy beginnings or the invention of new green conveyance to cut down the environment impacts. They forgot that a basic constituent to successfully following a hereafter sustainable conveyance must get down from a good practise of our immature coevalss.1.6 Research MethodologiesResearch methodological analysis is a system of method of process in research or survey. It is an of import tool to add value on the research by utilizing aggregation, assemblage and analyzing information. The usage of the methodological analysis is of import to empirical consequence for research. In this research, I will utilize two chief qualitative research and one quantitative research methodological analysiss to holding a consequence from theoretical facet and from the existent universe facet. Interview is the 1 of the methodological analysiss utilizing in this research to roll up the information from specific parties. An unstructured attack of interview study will be chose to understanding more recent issues and roll up the sentiments of the interviewers towards the research subject. There will be an interview session with the selected offices such as HEP and JPPHB to acquire the remarks or possible positions related to green transit system. Other than that, the professors or lectors who are more concern about the rejuvenation of campus will be interview to hold their sentiment on the sustainable conveyance and the pattern of cycling plan in campus. The 2nd methodological analysis which used in this research is library research. From library research can be defined as the systematic survey and probe of some facet of library and information scientific discipline in which decisions are based on the statistical analysis of informations collected in conformity with pre-established research design and methodological analysis. The analysis stuffs and readings on the research subject will be used to roll up more comprehensive thought on the research subject. The online seeking besides will be one of the methods to roll up the necessary information which may be non possible to seek in the library or through interview. Third, I will inquire some subjective inquiries related to the sustainable campus in a study signifier and distribute to around 200 pupils to garner the informations about their idea and behaviours. The study signifier will give out via electronic mail or station on facebook with the conditions merely for UM pupils.1.7 Research RestrictionIn my ain research there were several restrictions I came across, including: Uncontrollable Test Group- Because every homo is different, so it is hard for me to happen a group of people who have precisely same thought. This means that I had to study as many people as possible so that merely can account for differences. Size and specificity in trial groups- So far my research merely had a really little trial group which contained 200 pupils from different modules, and often in my survey the topics will all be taken from merely one constitution such as merely in University Malaya. As a consequence, most of the studied has a really similar category group or environment and their consequences may non so be used to pull the whole decisions. Personal Perception- To acquire some utile sentiment, I will inquire some subjective inquiry in the signifier of a study such as â€Å" what is the most suited conveyance for a pupil to come to school? † However, many studies have shown that a individual ‘s perceptual experience of themselves is different and their descriptions of their ain suited conveyance non necessary suitable for others. Facebook- In order to acquire as many people as possible, I plan to open a study on Facebook, but this means that for those who answer the study must had a Facebook history. Therefore my informations is focus on pupils who have easy and consistent entree to a computing machine and internet service. Changes over Time- Everything is altering over the clip. The policies, ordinances, even the conditions will maintain on altering every twenty-four hours. This alteration mean any research done may be invalidated in the hereafter as find of a new conveyance that may do new or different effects. Research on green conveyance system is hence will behind the curve.