Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Chinampa Raised Field Agriculture in the Americas

Chinampa system farming (sometimes called floating gardens) is a form of ancient raised field agriculture, used by American communities at least as early as 1250 CE, and successfully used by small farmers today as well. Chinampas are long narrow garden beds separated by canals. The garden land is built up from the wetland by stacking alternating layers of lake mud and thick mats of decaying vegetation. The process is typically characterized by exceptionally high yields per unit of land.  The word chinampa is a Nahuatl (native Aztec) word, chinamitl, meaning an area enclosed by hedges or canes. Key Takeaways: Chinampas Chinampas are a type of raised field agriculture used in wetlands, constructed of stacked alternating layers of mud and decaying vegetation.  The fields are built with a series of long alternating strips of canals and raised fields.  If properly maintained, by dredging organic-rich canal muck and placing it onto of the raised fields, chinampas are quite productive.  They were seen by Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes when he reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) in 1519.  The oldest chinampas in the Basin of Mexico date to ca. 1250 CE, well before the formation of the Aztec empire in 1431.   Cortes and the Aztec Floating Gardens The first historical record of chinampas was by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes, who arrived in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) in 1519. At the time, the basin of Mexico where the city is located was characterized by an interconnected system of lakes and lagoons of varying size, elevation, and salinity. Cortes saw agricultural plots on rafts on the surface of some of the lagoons and lakes, connected to the shore by causeways, and to the lakebeds by willow trees. The Aztecs did not invent chinampa technology. The earliest chinampas in the Basin of Mexico date to the Middle Postclassic periods, about 1250 CE, more than 150 years before the formation of the Aztec empire in 1431.  Some archaeological evidence exists showing that the Aztecs damaged some of the existing chinampas when they took over the basin of Mexico. Ancient Chinampa Aerial view over Xochimilco traditional agricultural fields Mexico City, March 16, 2015. Getty Images / Ulrike Stein / Stock Editorial Ancient chinampa systems have been identified throughout the highland and lowland regions of both continents of the Americas, and are also currently in use in highland and lowland Mexico on both coasts; in Belize and Guatemala; in the Andean highlands and Amazonian lowlands. Chinampa fields are generally about 13 feet (4 meters) wide but can be up to 1,300 to 3,000 ft (400 to 900 m) in length. Ancient chinampa fields are difficult to identify archaeologically  if theyve been abandoned and allowed to silt over: However, a wide variety of remote sensing techniques such as aerial photography have been used to find them with considerable success. Other information about chinampas is found in archival colonial records and historic texts, ethnographic descriptions of historic period chinampa farming schemes, and ecological studies on modern ones. Historical mentions of chinampa gardening date to the early Spanish colonial period. Farming on a Chinampa Chinampa Field Scene, Xochimilco. Hernà ¡n Garcà ­a Crespo The benefits of a chinampa system are that the water in the canals provides a consistent passive source of irrigation. Chinampa systems, as mapped by environmental anthropologist Christopher T. Morehart, include a complex of major and minor canals, which act both as freshwater arteries and provide canoe access to and from the fields. To maintain the fields, the farmer must continually dredge soil from the canals, and redeposit the soil atop the garden beds. The canal muck is organically rich from rotting vegetation and household wastes. Estimates of the productivity based on modern communities suggest that 2.5 acres (1 hectare) of chinampa gardening in the basin of Mexico could provide an annual subsistence for 15–20 people. Some scholars argue that one reason chinampa systems are so successful has to do with the diversity of species used within the plant beds. A chinampa system in San Andrà ©s Mixquic, a small community located about 25 miles (40 kilometers) from Mexico City, was found to include an astonishing 146 different plant species, including 51 separate domesticated plants. Other benefits include a damping down of plant diseases, compared to ground-based agriculture. Ecological Studies Intensive studies in Mexico City have been focused on chinampas in Xaltocan and Xochimilco. Xochimilco chinampas include not just crops such as maize, squash, vegetables, and flowers but small-scale animal and meat production, hens, turkeys, fighting cocks, pigs, rabbits, and sheep. In sub-urban spaces, there are also draft animals (mules and horses) used to draw carts for maintenance purposes and take visiting local tourists. Beginning in 1990, heavy metal pesticides such as methyl parathion were applied to some chinampas in Xochimilco. Methyl parathion is an organophosphate that is extremely toxic to mammals and birds, which negatively impacted the kinds of levels of nitrogen available in the chinampa soils, decreasing beneficial types and increasing those not-so-beneficial. A study by Mexican ecologist Claudia Chà ¡vez-Là ³pez and colleagues reports successful laboratory tests removing the pesticide, lending hope that damaged fields may yet be restored. Archaeology Chinampa or floating gardens, Mexico, journey of Leon De Pontelli to Central America, from LIllustration, Journal Universel 886(35), February 18, 1860. De Agostini / Biblioteca Ambrosiana Getty Images The first archaeological investigations into chinampa farming were in the 1940s, when Spanish archaeologist Pedro Armillas identified relict Aztec chinampa fields in the Basin of Mexico, by examining aerial photographs. Additional surveys of central Mexico were conducted by US archaeologist William Sanders and colleagues in the 1970s, who identified additional fields associated with the various barrios of Tenochtitlan. Chronological data suggests chinampas were built at the Aztec community of Xaltocan during the Middle Postclassic period  after significant  amounts of political organization was in place. Morehart (2012) reported a 3,700 to 5,000 ac (~1,500 to 2,000 ha) chinampa system at the postclassic kingdom, based on aerial photographs, Landsat 7 data, and Quickbird VHR multispectral imagery, integrated into a GIS system. Chinampas and Politics Although Morehart and colleagues once argued that chinampas required a  top-down organization to be implemented, most scholars today (including Morehart) agree that building and maintaining of chinampa farms do  not require organizational and administrative responsibilities at the state level. Indeed, archaeological studies at Xaltocan and ethnographic studies at  Tiwanaku  have provided evidence that the meddling of the state in chinampa farming is detrimental to a successful enterprise. As a result, chinampa farming may be well-suited to locally-driven agricultural efforts today. Sources Chà ¡vez-Là ³pez, C., et al. Removal of Methyl Parathion from a Chinampa Agricultural Soil of Xochimilco Mexico: A Laboratory Study. European Journal of Soil Biology 47.4 (2011): 264–69. Print.Losada Custardoy, Hermenegildo Romà ¡n, et al. The Use of Organic Waste from Animals and Plants as Important Input to Urban Agriculture in Mà ©xico City. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 5.1 (2015). Print.Morehart, Christopher T. Chinampa Agriculture, Surplus Production, and Political Change at Xaltocan, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 27.1 (2016): 183–96. Print.---. Mapping Ancient Chinampa Landscapes in the Basin of Mexico: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.7 (2012): 2541–51. Print.---. The Political Ecology of Chinampa Landscapes in the Basin of Mexico. Water and Power in Past Societies. Ed. Holt, Emily. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2018. 19–40. Print.Morehart, Christopher T., and Charles D. Frederick. The Chronology and Collapse of Pre-Aztec Raised Field (Chinampa) Agriculture in the Northern Basin of Mexico. Antiquity 88.340 (2014): 531–48. Print.

Monday, December 23, 2019

Same War, Different Tatics Essay examples - 1237 Words

Same War, Different Tactics Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were both important activists in the fight for civil rights. They had the same desire for equal rights; however, they adopted very different views on how to achieve those rights. As Goldman says in Malcolm X: Witness for the Prosecution, â€Å"Malcolm and King were not so much Manichaean opposites as halves in a yin-yang duality deep in the black soul† (pg. 226). King is known as a peaceful man who used a nonviolent approach. He used what he called â€Å"weapons of love† to fight for freedom. King was fighting to show people that they could accept blacks and look at them as equals. It was vital for him to find peace among all races and overcome the hatred felt for one another. Malcolm†¦show more content†¦He believed that â€Å"normal and healthy discontent can be channeled into the creative outlet of nonviolent direct action† (â€Å"Letter† 30). It is understandable that blacks were enraged with the way they were mistreated for years. King felt this rage should be channeled into proactive ways to change the way blacks were viewed. He goes on to say â€Å"If your repressed emotions are not released in non-violent ways, they will seek expression through violence† (â€Å"Letter† 30). King encouraged black people to feel, to be upset, and then fight for the freedom that blacks deserved. Malcolm used an aggressive and much more militant approach in his fight for civil rights. In Goldman’s â€Å"Witness for the Prosecution† he states â€Å"Malcolm saw his life as combat and his words as his weapons†¦he had no other strategy (pg. 222). He wanted to do more than join sit-ins ins and marches. He thought that it would take drastic measures to change the thought process and opinions of both white and black society. In Malcolm’s speech â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† he emphasizes that â€Å"As long as you gotta sit down philosophy, you’ll have a sit down thought pattern†¦A coward can sit. Anything can sit. Well you and I have been sitting long enough†¦it’s time to start doing some standing, and some fighting† (pg.5). He believed that to obtain the freedom that African Americans deserved, they would need to use an â€Å"any means necessary† approach. WhatShow MoreRelatedWhite Devil A True Story Of War, Savagery, And Vengeance1347 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States Army Rangers, and every Ranger must memorize his Standing Orders. The tactics he used are now what the modern public and historians consider â€Å"American style fighting† or Indian warfare. Stephen Brumwell’s book White Devil A True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengeance in Colonial America is not just a history like what has been written before, it is an in depth look into the story behind Robert Rogers, the St. Francis raid; his most infamous raid, and all those involved. The book is writtenRead MoreThe Ideals of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Mao, and Stalin Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagessocialism that Engels uses to refer to Marx’s analysis of political history. Scientific socialism exams social and economic methods’ using the scientific method and it tries to mimic the hard sciences like chemistry and physics. Scientific socialism is different from utopian socialism because it takes into consideration the historical developments of men while utopian socialism does not. According to Engels when referring to utopian socialist, â€Å"To all these, socialism is the expression of absolute truthRead MoreBiography of Christopher Bruce2260 Words   |  10 Pageseven these have a strong undercurrent of emotion. Bruce uses a wide range of starting points, particularly poetry, literature, music, newspaper articles and world events. For example ...for those who die in cattle reflects his views and concerns of war, rooster is his idea of relationships , swansong is probably one of his most moving and emotional pieces and tackles the very serious issue of torture. His views on the general human condition are portrayed in waiting. Throughout his career, Christopher

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Management Information Systems in Restaurants Free Essays

Introduction Restaurants are built of complex systems for buying, storing, preparing and selling food. The well-being of a restaurant depends on its management information systems, which coordinate everything from scheduling personnel to customer service. Restaurant management systems can help to create an ambiance. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Information Systems in Restaurants or any similar topic only for you Order Now Restaurant management information systems should make a restaurant more profitable as well as a better place for customers to eat. The manager must be able to determine prices and schedules, make forecasts, perform an ongoing audit of inventory and other company assets, and monitor performance. More and more managers are turning to the computer to provide this information on a timely basis DFD for restaurants The restaurant uses an information system that takes customer orders, sends the orders to the kitchen, monitors goods sold and inventory, and generates reports for management. 0-Level DFD: The Restaurant Management system must consists of the following modules to implement a efficient and reliant MIS. 1. General Ledger The General Ledger module is the center of the accounting system. It is a powerful yet easy to use module that can accommodate a single unit restaurant as well as a large multiple unit operation. The General Ledger is automatically updated from all other modules being operated. Both 12 and 13 period accounting are supported. The Trial Balance Report and General Ledger Report provide the necessary documentation and audit trails required of a professional accounting system. Financial Statements can be designed to your specifications by you within the General Ledger module. The optional Management Report Writer gives you the added ability to print complex financial statements that consolidate or compare multiple time periods and units if necessary. Account budgets may be set up and used in forecasting and comparisons to actual activity. 2. Accounts Payable The Accounts Payable module is designed to allow you to better manage your vendor invoices and payments. Inventory purchases that are entered will be automatically updated to the Inventory, Recipe, and Sales Analysis modules without any additional work. Invoices may be entered in summary, detail, or a combination of the two. By entering invoices, you are creating the capability of accumulating unpaid invoices easily at any time. A purchase history by vendor is also maintained, and check payment can be accomplished easily in a method that is convenient for your operation. This module lets you stay on top of your outstanding invoices so that invoices are never paid for twice. 3. Payroll The Payroll module is designed for time entry, printing payroll checks, general ledger distribution and year-end W-2 forms. It can operate on a daily, weekly, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly basis with all input verified, copied, and employee records updated during the End-Pay-Period procedure. Other useful options are included such as payroll history inquiry, earnings summary report, employee payroll history, tip allocation, tip reporting and is integrated to the optional Federal Magnetic Media Reporting module. The module is easy to use due to its one-step nature. After set-up with a General Ledger file and initial data entry, payroll tracking becomes relatively easy. Time is entered, then the register is printed. If corrections are necessary, they can be made to the appropriate entries and the register re-printed. After everything balances, checks and reports are printed and then the pay period can be closed. This module is designed to operate in conjunction with other modules that may be installed. Programs are explained as if the General Ledger module were included. Information is transferred to all integrated modules as a function of the End-Pay-Period procedure or is transferred each month through the End-of-Month posting procedure. 4. Bank Reconciliation The Bank Reconciliation module is used to manage your bank accounts. It is automatically updated as checks are written and deposits are entered. A simple method of canceling checks allows you to reconcile the account to the bank statement in very little time. Multiple bank accounts can be maintained simply and easily. A historical check register is maintained for up to five years for your review. 5. Inventory Control The Inventory Control module is designed to allow you a fast and easy way to keep track of your inventory. You are able to track what you have purchased and what prices you are paying from various suppliers for any length of time. In-house batch production items can be processed along with multiple location transfers. Inventory is first categorized into major classifications that you choose such as meat, dairy and produce. Inventory can be kept on a perpetual basis by entering your purchases for those items and taking a physical count monthly or as frequently as desired to get your actual usage on each item. Inventory may also be kept on a periodic basis which does not require entering all your purchases. The periodic method allows for entry of a physical count and last cost at any point in time and will automatically extend the inventory for you. Both methods provide inventory count sheets by specific storage location and fast inventory count entry methods. The two methods can also be combined to allow detailed control of high cost items and less detailed control of less significant items. 6. Recipe Control The Recipe Control module works hand in hand with the Inventory Control module. It provides you with an organized method of entering your recipes. You can take advantage of the ability to monitor your costs at all times before cost increases erode your profit margins. Unlimited levels of sub-recipes can be maintained very easily. Recipes can include a plate cost for items that you may not want to set up. Recipes can be costed in seconds at Last Cost or Average Cost and can be printed or displayed on the screen. Each recipe can also have detailed preparation instructions set up for use as a training manual. 7. Sales Analysis The Sales Analysis module completes the operations triangle. Both Inventory and Recipe Control are related heavily to Sales Analysis. Menu items are set up and defined at this point. A menu item can refer to a recipe or directly to an inventory item. Daily sales can be entered manually or transferred from a point of sale device if one is available. Sales history is maintained on a daily basis for any number of years. Entering your sales will generate your potential or optimal use of each inventory item and will give you an actual versus potential usage variance. Sales trends can be tracked in a wide variety of methods using the Management Report Writer. Sales Analysis gives you the capability to stay on top of your margins and control them before they can hurt you. 8. Management Report Writing The Report Writer module allows the creation of custom reports wanted by individual companies. The flexibility and adaptability of this module allows for seemingly unlimited variations of report types. This module is limited only by your imagination. Thirty-six columns are available for mathematical and statistical computations (only limited by your printer’s capability). Data to be printed on these reports can be drawn from a variety of sources. The most common source is General Ledger and the Report Writer is particularly suited to producing complex financial statements. Reports can also be produced based on data from Sales Analysis or from the Statistics section of the Management Report Writer. How to cite Management Information Systems in Restaurants, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Implications of E-Learning Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Implications of E-Learning Systems. Answer: Introduction: E-learning refers to a kind of learning process that involves technological application. Principles emanating from cognitive science emphasize the importance regarding selection and application of appropriate multimedia to enhance the cognitive learning in order to retain the knowledge for long time (Clark Mayer, 2016). .In todays technology driven world, the importance of e-learning is undeniable as it not only imparts knowledge to the learner through the technical apparatus but also create long term impact in their mind. The method is helpful in bringing the student to the contact of outside world broadening their mental horizon and continuously reshaping it. In this paper a brief discussion backed by existent articles has been presented to shed light on the importance and effectiveness that E-leaning confers to the learners (Rennie Morrison, 2013). How this learning process influences the learners effectively allowing them reap benefit from it. The format of discussion is presenting review of relevant literature or articles that depicts the concern of the paper. The paper examines three crucial aspects important with respect to the fact that over past decade, use of e-learning has been growing remarkably in the post secondary education system of United States. The first and foremost aspect is the how effective is the learning process with help of technology compared to the conventional instructional class room based mode of educating students. It has been found from extensive meta-analysis that outcomes of e-learning are just equivalent to any other way of deliverance through media keeping the conditions followed in instruction based system constant. The second aspect is to find out and assess the catchy attributes of the process that make it more influencing. Interaction, immersion makes the e-learning process more appealing. The third aspect is the difficulty faced in order to adopt the method in post secondary education. The challenges faced by low income students to avail the facility uncertain costs and possibility of fraud and unscrupu lous activity create deterrence to adopt the system (Bell Federman, 2013). The paper discusses the factors that have been successful in order to identify and influence the e-learning procedure being widely accepted in the developing countries of the world.. E-learning being popular mode of deliverance of higher education worldwide require adoption of proper design for performance learning, motivating, making people aware technologically and influencing behaviours of students. The study encounters a comparative analysis made on two major stakeholders of developing countries; ICT experts and faculty while using the responses from 76 sources collected in Delphi method and Analytical Hierarchy Process. The content further makes recommendations regarding proper implementation and maintenance of elearning system that would enhance the abilities of researchers in the developing world with highlighting the limitations as well as possibilities to sustain quality (Bhuasiri et al., 2012). The paper outlines the successful adoption of e-learning process in the western culture that have an outlook of embedding technology with education process in order to achieve higher productivity. This creates challenges and competition to developing countries in form of immense pressure that is trying to strive internationally with equivalent competencies and skills. The competition act as compulsion for these nations to synchronize technology in the learning process to execute equal level of productivity. The focus of the paper is mostly on a model of technology acceptance that play conceptual role in the framework and adopting of e-learning. To make the system effective understanding and acceptance of the guidelines by the end users are important. The indicators for successful implementation and continuances of e-learning have been analysed in the context of Jordanian Universities (Al-Adwan, Al-Adwan Smedley, 2013) The paper throws attention on one of the important factor of making the e-learning appealing to students with subsequent strategy of how to achieve that. Importance of engrossed attention and active mind of the student are pivotal here. Evoking interest through application of games in the learning design can activate students mind and grab whole of their attention to the learning process. The paper aims to find out how embedding gaming and fun element can induce qualitative outcome in the learning curriculum. Two tests have been conducted including and excluding the gaming component to assess the impact it has on the e-learning procedure. The results derived out of the test on 38 students belonging to different high schools reflects decrement in participation without gamification where as neutral in participation with gamification (Amriani et al., 2013). The paper represents an analysis that measures success of e-learning system amidst the growing use of internet by the universities all around the world. The importance for this measure stem from the wider access to internet by students and pursuance of online courses coming from various institutions. A conceptual model has been designed and opinions from 33 experts have been noted down. Combining the suggestions made and relevant information available research indicators were fixed. An extensive case study has been incorporated taking 5 universities- Iran University of Science Technology, Khaje Nasir Toosi University of Technology , Tehran University, Shahid Beheshti University and Amir Kabir University. Based on the answered questionnaire from 369 responder the model was built and measured the success of e-learning (Saba, 2012). The paper sheds light on the outcomes after adopting and using e-learning system in the education system. Three systems have been conceptualised and their outcomes are represented here. The outcome assessed from the adoption builds perspectives about academic performances, learning assistance, assistance provided to a community. These constructs of perspectives have been utilised to develop a model that further assess the end result of adopting and applying e-learning. A longitudinal survey data has been collected from 249 universities and with the help of learning management principle Partial least Square test has been run to test the model under research. The results makes suggestion on how assistance regarding perceived community building and learning impact students performance in academics (Islam, 2013). The paper reinforces the effective implication that e-learning has on higher education in the era of strongly evolving communication and information technologies. It mainly aims to assess the evaluative component they possess and play in online programs which are enormous in numbers with specific aspect to be taken care of in each program. A methodology mix has been adopted to present the discussion. The methodology includes combination of E-learning and Face to Face mode of teaching and learning and was applied in the subjects like microeconomics, business administration, law and management to evaluate the impact that the both kind of process convey to the learners. The outcome is quite similar to that of the findings of other papers indicating greater participation by the students backed by motivation (Novo-Corti, Varela-Candamio Ramil-Daz, 2013). This paper depicts the role e-learning play in modern days of education. With overtime expansion of horizon that educational programs offer the scope of distance learning has become available as well as suitable. Whether e-learning is threat to the existence of traditional class room learning method though ages can be answered from this discussion and quite interestingly the analysis portrays the inability of e-learning to eradicate conventional methods. The efficacy of e-learning lies in the aid or assistance it provides in form of training mostly computer or web based and channelled through electronic tools. Combination of aims stemming from cognitive theory and practice consist the underlying research problem of the paper that has been analysed with help of tools and techniques, using variables and hypotheses of correlated research problem (Gnitecka, 2012). This paper takes attention towards the detection and detailed analysis of the factors causing dissatisfaction in the experience of e-learning process as mode of studies. The mode of the paper is mostly investigative towards the reaction and responses student encounter as well as the benefits and satisfaction derived in the process. Conducting survey of 424 students from different universities worldwide with the help of filled questionnaire the result that has become quite evident is the self efficacy or efficiency of the student that determines the perception of importance of the program, benefits achieved from it or satisfaction that the learner receives which additively outlines the behavioural pattern of individual students. The discussion in the paper also makes suggestion regarding enhanced effectiveness influenced by interaction in learning activities, instructions given in multimedia with applying proper model (Liaw, 2012). The paper enlightens about the importance of underlying assumptions in the design of information technology that need to be understood since these are reshaping our society and educational system around the world. Implementation of e-learning is one of the applications of technology in the education system that advances the learning process with cost efficiency and equivalent quality of any instructor-led classrooms. The paper contains the result of a survey conducted on students pursuing varied online courses. The considerations that should be maintained in the e-learning process have been discussed in order to let the program promote success in the motives it has at core. The author presents analysis of the examination of critical factors bringing success as perceived by students involved in professional online courses (Puri, 2012). Conclusion From the above discussion of various article it can be summarized that in the growing world of technology and prolific information base, learning via electronic media or web tools are not only on rise but also necessary to bring down distance to null and summon students at one platform or web classroom that is virtual yet similar in evoking efficacy. Adoption of e-learning by universities around the world and pursuance of courses online indicate the growing importance of it as substitute to class-room training or learning process. References Al-Adwan, A., Al-Adwan, A., Smedley, J. (2013). Exploring students acceptance of e-learning using Technology Acceptance Model in Jordanian universities.International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology,9(2), 4. Amriani, A., Aji, A. F., Utomo, A. Y., Junus, K. M. (2013, October). An empirical study of gamification impact on e-Learning environment. InComputer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT), 2013 3rd International Conference on(pp. 265-269). IEEE. Bell, B. S., Federman, J. E. (2013). E-learning in postsecondary education.The Future of Children,23(1), 165-185. Bhuasiri, W., Xaymoungkhoun, O., Zo, H., Rho, J. J., Ciganek, A. P. (2012). Critical success factors for e-learning in developing countries: A comparative analysis between ICT experts and faculty.Computers Education,58(2), 843-855. Clark, R. C., Mayer, R. E. (2016).E-learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning. John Wiley Sons. Gnitecka, A. (2012). Effectiveness of e-learning, In IFIP Student Forum (pp. 315-324) Islam, A. N. (2013). Investigating e-learning system usage outcomes in the university context.Computers Education,69, 387-399. Liaw, S. S. (2012). Investigating Students perceived Satisfaction, Behavioural Intention and effectiveness of E-learning: A case study of the Blackboard system Computers Education 51(2), 864-873 Novo-Corti, I., Varela-Candamio, L., Ramil-Daz, M. (2013). E-learning and face to face mixed methodology: Evaluating effectiveness of e-learning and perceived satisfaction for a microeconomic course using the Moodle platform.Computers in Human Behavior,29(2), 410-415. Puri, G. (2012). Critical success Factors in e-LearningAn empirical study.International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,2(1), 149-161. Rennie, F., Morrison, T. (2013).E-learning and social networking handbook: Resources for higher education. Routledge. Saba, T. (2012). Implications of E-learning systems and self-efficiency on students outcomes: a model approach.Human-Centric Computing and Information Sciences,2(1),6.